CABLE NETWORK SYSTEMS

Cable-Net Systems: Structural Principles, Analysis Process, and Engineering Characteristics

Cable-net systems are lightweight, highly efficient structural systems based on two-dimensional or three-dimensional mesh structures composed of steel cables operating solely under tensile forces. These systems, which enable the spanning of large openings with significantly less material than traditional frame or solid structures, are preferred in a wide range of buildings, from modern stadiums to large-scale facades.

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Principle of Structural Operation

Cable-net systems create a membrane-like stress distribution to carry loads. The load-bearing network consists of two main components:

Primary Cables

These are the main cables that carry the majority of the load; they typically have a larger cross-sectional area and a lower elastic elongation ratio. These cables form the primary curves that define the shape of the roof or facade.

Secondary Cables

These are auxiliary cable elements that connect the primary cables to one another, enhance system stability, and regulate load distribution. They are typically used in large numbers but have smaller cross-sections.

Under load, the system behaves like a tensioned surface and maintains its shape. For this reason, pre-tensioning is a fundamental design step in cable-net systems.

Prestressing and Stability

In cable-net systems, stability is achieved through the initial tensions in the cables. Pre-tensioning:

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It provides high load-bearing capacity while minimizing the structure,
Prevents excessive displacement under wind and snow loads,
Controls dynamic behavior (vibration, flutter).

Pre-tensioning levels are determined based on the cable’s cross-section, intended use, and the load combinations to be applied. The nonlinear (geometrically nonlinear) behavior of the cables must be taken into account in the design.

Materials and Fasteners

The cables used in cable-net systems are generally high-strength galvanized or stainless steel cables.

Cable Specifications

Material: High-carbon steel (1770–1960 MPa strength class)
Construction: 1×7, 7×7, 7×19, or parallel wire strand configurations
Elastic modulus: ~150–210 GPa
Installed using turnbuckles or hydraulic tensioning systems.

Connecting Elements

Terminal sockets
Fork–pin connections
Connection plates
Anchor blocks
Intermediate node plates

The fatigue strength of connection points is one of the most critical design parameters for cable systems.

Analysis and Design Process

Cable-net systems require nonlinear geometric analysis. The design process consists of the following steps:

Form-Finding

The system’s final geometry under prestressing is determined. This is based on the principle of minimum potential energy.

Structural Analysis

Cable forces and displacements are calculated under the following loads:

Wind load
Snow load
Thermal effects
Prestressing stresses
Dynamic loads (vibration, pedestrian traffic, etc.)

Tension Control

The maximum tensions in each cable must remain within the cable’s operating limits. At the same time, the minimum cable force must also be monitored; otherwise, the cable may become slack or lose its shape.